Application of Augmented Reality in the Clinical Practice of Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Partial nephrectomy (PN) has become standard of care in the treatment of small renal mass in the current era. Robotic assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) provides precision cut and suture and achieves both oncological control and functional preservation. However, with the non-clamping dissection methods, the zero ischemic PN showed an upgraded version of PN. Moreover, with the assistant of Indocyanide green (ICG), a fluorescent dye, PN becomes more visible in the clinical practice beyond conventional ultrasound images. Nowadays, the trend of partial nephrectomy has been moved to the application of augmented reality. With the new image assistance, urologists can cut more confidently especially in the complex tumors. Through this review and experience share, we will discuss about the impact of new technology application and real-world dilemma in development.